He is widely recognized as the most distinguished of the Direct Capetians. His mother, Blanche of Castile , effectively ruled the kingdom as regent until he came of age, and continued to serve as his trusted adviser until her death.
During his formative years, Blanche successfully confronted rebellious vassals and championed the Capetian cause in the Albigensian Crusade , which had been ongoing for the past two decades.
As an adult, Louis IX grappled with persistent conflicts involving some of the most influential nobles in his kingdom, including Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter I of Brittany. Louis expanded his territory by annexing several provinces, including parts of Aquitaine , Maine , and Provence. Keeping a promise he made while praying for recovery from a grave illness, Louis led the ill-fated Seventh and Eighth Crusades against the Muslim dynasties that controlled North Africa, Egypt , and the Holy Land.
He was captured and ransomed during the Seventh Crusade, and later succumbed to dysentery during the Eighth Crusade. His son, Philip III , succeeded him. Louis instigated significant reforms in the French legal system , creating a royal justice mechanism that allowed petitioners to appeal judgments directly to the monarch.
He abolished trials by ordeal , endeavored to terminate private wars, and incorporated the presumption of innocence into criminal proceedings. To implement his new legal framework, he established the offices of provosts and bailiffs.
