Firstly, its growth has been rapid but fragmented, making it one of the most crowded cities in the world. This growth has not been guided by coherent urban planning, with a scarcity of affordable housing leading to the rapid proliferation of informal slums.
Secondly, Freetown struggles to provide its citizens with adequate access to basic services like water, sanitation and electricity, which are systematically below Sub-Saharan African standards for urban areas. Access to other services such as schools and health centers are also unevenly spread throughout the city. Solid waste management remains a major challenge, blocking drainage systems and contributing to increased flood risk. Thirdly, disaster risk is increasing, as unplanned and unregulated urban sprawl continues to cut into the mountains of the peninsula and along flood plains and exposed coastal areas.
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